Apical Microsurgery: Techniques, Instrumentation, and Clinical Protocols

— The use of the operating microscope in surgical endodontics;

— Operating microscope components and functions;

— llumination of the surgical field;

— Ergonomic working positions for the endodontist;

— Microscope ergonomics and the role of the dental assistant;

— Identification of the root apex;

— Soft tissue management: flap design, incision, atraumatic flap elevation, and retraction;

— Traditional versus ultrasonic root-end preparation techniques;

— Root-end resection angle during apicoectomy and root-end preparation;

— Root-end filling with MTA;

— Step-by-step analysis of clinical cases;

— Postoperative instructions and clinical guidelines.